Proteins

Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids

AminoAcidballProteins provide much of the structural and functional capacity of cells. Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids. Amino Acids are hydrocarbons that have an amino group (-NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH).The R group represents a hydrocarbon chain with a modification that alters the properties of the amino acid. 20 universal amino acids are used to construct proteins. The variation in functional groups along the amino acid chain gives rise to the functional diversity of proteins.

Amino Acids

20 amino acids and their properties. A 21st amino acid on this table represents the non-universally found selenocysteine.

Monomers bond together through a dehydration synthesis reaction between adjacent amino and carboxyl groups to yield a peptide bond.

peptides

Three amino acids bound into a tripeptide.

How amino acids interact with each other and the environment

Use the following simulation to test how a polypeptide chain with fold based on the type of solution it is in and the composition of the amino acids.

Levels of structure

Main protein structure levels en

  • Primary Structure (1°): The sequence of amino acids read from the Amino or N-terminal end of the molecule to the Carboxyl or C-terminal end
    • Tyr-Cys-Arg-Phe-Leu-Val-….
  • Secondary Structure (2°): local three-dimensional structures that form from interactions of amino acids, like hydrogen bonding
    • Alpha Helix – coils  occurring from the H-bonds between N-H and C=O groups along the backbone of the protein
      • Alpha helix neg60 neg45 sideview

        Side view of α-helix illustrating H-bonds in magenta between carboxyl oxygen (red) and amine nitrogen (blue)

        Alpha helix neg60 neg45 topview

        Top-down view of an α-helix

      • 1gzm opm

        Side view of ribbon diagram of α-helices traversing a membrane.

    • Beta Sheets – laterally connected strands or sheets of amino acids occurring from the H-bonds between N-H and C=O groups along the backbone of the protein
      • Beta sheet bonding antiparallel-colorBeta sheet bonding parallel-color
      • Beta-meander1

        Ribbon diagram of β-sheets

  • Tertiary structure (3°): overall 3-D structure of the peptide chain
  • Quaternary structure(4°): multimeric protein structure from assembling multiple peptide subunits

 

Diversity of Proteins

Protein structure examples

Learn more about complexity of protein structures at the Protein Data Bank